It's somehow doubtful that it would cause pain over 24 hours after you used it. They run on a timer appropriate for the massage that they are doing.
I have one of those chairs (not the identical one, but the mechanism works the same) and use it almost every day. I've never had any pain caused by it.
If the pain would have started within a few hours of using it (as muscle pains starts quite soon after it is injured) it might be the cause, but it really doesn't sound plausible since it was over a day after you used it.
I have had a similar back pain to what you described. It was caused by over exerted muscles that tensed up and wouldn't relax. If it doesn't clear up, see a Dr. and they can prescribed a low dose muscle relaxer. I lived with mine for days, then went to the Dr. and had it cleared up about 8 hrs after the first dose. They also recommend just ice to decrease the muscle swelling. Heat feels good, but the ice actually is what will help it start healing.