Okay... First pick one of the lower difficulty levels first.. Get a political party that gives you either economy or morale bonus and pick modifiers so that your morale and economy gets beefed up.
Put spending to 100%, adjust taxes so that you keep around 90-100% morale at the beginning.
Crank up the military spending to 100% (or 80% and research at 20%). Nevermind the social at the beginning..
Now you should be able to get a colony ship in 2-3 turns.
Technologies you should research at the beginning varies between strategies.. But a good start would propably be: communications, universal translator, diplomacy. Now after your expansion phase put social spending up all the way and build diplomatic translators. Should give you pretty good head start when negotiating deals with ai races.
Next research the tree that leads to aphrodisiacs or tri-strontium alloy and frictionless clothing.. Trade aphrodisiacs & clothing to minor races if possible. Don't trade diplomatic translators, because you will loose your diplomatic edge.
After you are starting to settle down and you got those trade goods in your pocket, you can adjust the spending rates to something like 40/30/30... Just to keep those constructors coming.. Oh yes... Constructors... Keep 'em coming, you'll be wanting a lot of those starbases on resources gathering up all kinds of goodies..
Social things you should build at the beginning: soil enhancement (or entertainment network, if the pq of the planet is already high enough and you've got a hard time keeping your morale up), banking center, habitat improvement, entertainment network, news network (if cultural influence from other races is getting too high).
Ask away more if this did not clear things up.. And yes, some people will propably disagree with these starting strategies, but there are as many ways to play this game as there are players. And besides, this should give you a pretty good start at the lower levels.
~SDC~