OK, so they show up now. Thanks! I hadn't seen the My Games/Offworld folder beforehand.
I'm not sure what to think of the modding process. It's accessible enough for small changes for people who are familiar with XML modding (e.g. Civ 5 modding), but it doesn't always work. I made two mods, and the first one (changing one xml in order to make ice condensers work 24/7) worked perfectly fine. (does this make me officially the first person to mod Offworld?)
However, my second mod (changing about 7 or 8 xml's in order to change glass to a new, mine-able Thorium resource, complete with LFTR building) didn't work at all. The game played as if there were no mods, and the name didn't show up on the main menu (where it says game version and the mod name most of the time).