As for your first question, here is a detailed list of each road level and their bonuses as defined in roadleveldefs.xml:
Trail (lvl 0) -
Trade Multiplier: 1.0
City Tile Multiplier Bonus: 0.0
Cycle to reach this level: 0
Path (lvl 1) -
Trade Multiplier: 1.25
City Tile Multiplier Bonus: 0.1
Cycle to reach this level: 30
Road (lvl 2) -
Trade Multiplier: 1.5
City Tile Multiplier Bonus: 0.2
Cycle to reach this level: 100
Highway (lvl 3) -
Trade Multiplier: 2
City Tile Multiplier Bonus: 0.3
Cycle to reach this level: 500
As for your second, every tech has a rarity value between 0 to 100. These values are essentially your basic percentage chance that a tech will be available for you when you get a new level. So the Empire Tech Shard Domination has a rarity value of 60, while the Lady Umber's Legacy is only rarity 50. If you care to find out all of the values, they are easily attainable by looking in the files Techs_Trog.xml and Techs_Amarian.xml as these are the files which contain the tech declarations used by the game.