Fleets:
Most of your problem here is less with the game mechanics and more with the AI. When the AI is better, you will need better fleets to defeat them.
Defense:
I disagree. The lack of static defense options encourages defensive fleets, and good strategic play. Sure, it's funny to watch wave after wave of enemy ships fall to your statics, but it's not very fun to play, especially if you're attacking (Especially if you combine this with randomly moving fleets, so your ships will run madly into the enemy firing ranges).
AI:
While I admit this isn't balanced properly yet, there is a gameplay mechanic that will make focus fire a disadvantage. When the shields take hits, they are able to resist damage better. So, if a ship is being focus fired upon, it will only be taking 40% of the damage. If you spread out the fire, you deal more total damage. Note that this doesn't apply to unshielded units. Focus fire away then.
Nit Pick:
If these are some kind of navigation lights, then it makes perfect sense.
Possible Bug or Game play issue:
Yes, this is because of culture. It is being tweaked in the next patch.
Anything I didn't comment on, I agree with.